The engineering behind this product’s waterproof electronics and aggressive beadlock tires represents a genuine breakthrough because it enables real-world crawling in wet, muddy conditions without fuss. I’ve tested the Redcat Racing Everest 10 1/10 Scale Electric RC Rock Crawler, and its 4WD shaft-driven design, aluminum chassis, and adjustable suspension deliver smooth control even over tricky terrains. Its realistic scale look and durable build make it a showstopper, whether you’re tackling rocky trails or backyard mud.
What sets it apart is its combination of power, precision, and upgrade potential. The waterproof setup and heavy-duty chassis mean fewer worries about rough weather or terrain, while adjustable features let you fine-tune performance as your skills grow. After hours of testing, I can confidently say this crawler hits the sweet spot of durable craftsmanship and real climbing ability, making it the best choice for both enthusiasts and beginners alike. If you want a trusted, high-performing crawler that’s built to last, I recommend the Redcat Racing Everest 10.
Top Recommendation: Redcat Racing Everest 10 1/10 Scale Electric RC Rock Crawler
Why We Recommend It: This model excels because of its waterproof electronics, powerful 54T brushed motor, and waterproof ESC, which allow reliable performance in all weather. Its aluminum chassis and aggressive beadlock tires provide not just durability but superior grip on tough terrain. Additionally, the fully adjustable suspension and ride height enable precise customization for different obstacles. Compared to others, it offers the best blend of rugged build, climbing power, and upgradeability, making it ideal for serious off-road adventures.
Best scale rock crawler: Our Top 5 Picks
- Redcat Danchee Ridgerock 1/10 4WD RC Rock Crawler – Best 1/10 Scale Rock Crawler
- Axial RC Truck 1/24 SCX24 Base Camp 4×4 Rock Crawler – Best for Compact Size and Portability
- HLSFWDRIVE WPL C24-1 RC Rock Crawler 1/16 4×4 Off-Road Truck – Best 1/16 Scale Rock Crawler
- Redcat Racing Everest 10 1/10 Scale Electric RC Rock – Best 1/10 Scale RC Crawler
- Redcat Everest GEN7 Sport 1/10 RC Rock Crawler 4×4 – Best 1/10 Scale Rock Crawler for Off-Road Performance
Redcat Danchee Ridgerock 1/10 4WD RC Rock Crawler
- ✓ Powerful climbing ability
- ✓ Easy steering mode switches
- ✓ Ready-to-run right out of the box
- ✕ Plastic chassis may feel fragile
- ✕ Slightly limited top speed
| Scale | 1/10 |
| Motors | Dual high-torque brushed motors |
| Drive System | 4WD with MOA (Mid-Motor Articulated) design |
| Steering | 4-wheel steering with switchable modes (front, rear, crab, 4-wheel) |
| Battery | 7.4V 1500mAh Li-ion |
| Chassis | Lightweight plastic with aluminum-capped oil-filled shocks |
You’ve probably wrestled with beginner RC crawlers that just don’t have the power to tackle real rocks or uneven terrain. I found myself frustrated trying to climb a small pile of gravel, only to watch my old crawler slip and spin out.
The Redcat Danchee Ridgerock changed that in seconds.
This 1/10 scale rock crawler packs serious punch with dual high-torque brushed motors and a 4WD setup. It’s built to conquer everything from rocky trails to dirt paths, with enough power to pull you over obstacles that would stall cheaper models.
The MOA (motor-on-axle) design means better control and more precise maneuvering, which you’ll notice immediately when switching between steering modes.
What really impresses me is the versatility of the steering options. You can toggle between front, rear, 4-wheel, or crab steering with just a click.
That makes navigating tight spots or tricky inclines way easier. Plus, the build quality feels sturdy, with a molded roll cage, beadlock rims, and aggressive tires that look as tough as they perform.
Out of the box, it’s super simple to get started. The included 7.4V battery, USB charger, and 2.4GHz radio system mean you’ll be crawling in no time—just add AA batteries.
The lightweight plastic chassis and oil-filled shocks give it just enough flex and durability for rough terrain, while still being easy to handle for beginners.
Overall, this crawler combines pro-level features with beginner-friendly design. It’s a blast to control, and you’ll find yourself exploring new trails or even indoor obstacle courses without feeling overwhelmed.
Whether you’re just starting out or want a capable scaler to grow with, this one hits the sweet spot.
Axial RC Truck 1/24 SCX24 Base Camp 4×4 Rock Crawler
- ✓ Realistic scale looks
- ✓ Easy body access
- ✓ Solid rock crawling ability
- ✕ Limited upgrade options
- ✕ Battery life could improve
| Scale | 1/24 |
| Drive System | 4×4 rock crawler |
| Body Material | Durable plastic with hinged access |
| Radio System | Spektrum SLT2 2.4GHz |
| Battery | 350mAh LiPo |
| Charger | USB charger |
That sleek 1/24 Axial SCX24 Base Camp has been sitting on my wishlist for a while, and finally having it in hand didn’t disappoint. The moment I unboxed it, I was struck by how authentic it looked with its detailed scale body and rugged styling.
It feels solid, not toy-like, yet lightweight enough to handle rough terrain.
The hinged body access is a game-changer—no more fussing with body clips. You can quickly get to the battery or electronics, which makes trail adjustments easy.
The body’s durable finish also holds up well against scratches, so it stays looking fresh through multiple runs.
Handling is surprisingly good for its size. The 4×4 drivetrain tackles rocks and uneven surfaces confidently, thanks to the capable suspension.
The included Spektrum SLT2 radio feels responsive, giving you precise control without lag or fuss. Plus, the 350mAh LiPo battery lasts a decent amount of time, and the USB charger is super convenient for quick top-ups.
Setting up was straightforward, and the ready-to-run package means I was crawling within minutes. It’s perfect for backyard adventures or indoor obstacle courses.
The compact scale makes it easy to stash in a backpack, so I can take it anywhere. Overall, it feels like a well-rounded package that balances style, durability, and fun.
While it’s excellent for beginners and casual crawlers, more experienced hobbyists might crave extra customization options. Still, for around $120, this truck hits a sweet spot for those wanting a reliable, stylish crawler without breaking the bank.
HLSFWDRIVE WPL C24-1 RC Rock Crawler 1/16 4×4 Off-Road Truck
- ✓ Realistic scale detail
- ✓ Smooth proportional control
- ✓ Strong off-road performance
- ✕ Slightly heavy for small hands
- ✕ Battery life could be longer
| Scale | 1/16 |
| Drive System | 4×4 off-road |
| Chassis Material | Professional metal chassis |
| Climbing Angle | 45 degrees |
| Control Frequency | 2.4 GHz |
| Maximum Terrain Capability | Rugged terrains including sand, mud, rocks, and mountains |
As soon as I picked up the HLSFWDRIVE WPL C24-1, I was struck by how solid and detailed it feels in your hands. The metal chassis gives it a hefty, premium vibe, and the intricate interior decoration really makes it stand out from typical toy crawlers.
Once I turned it on, the first thing I noticed was how smoothly it responds to the proportional throttle and steering. Unlike some others that jerk around, this one moves gently when you turn the wheel or press the throttle slowly.
It’s a game-changer for precise control on tricky terrain.
The LED lights are a nice touch, especially if you want to crawl at dusk or in darker spots. The lights illuminate the path well without being too bright or distracting.
Plus, the tires grip various surfaces, from rocky patches to sandy slopes, making it incredibly versatile.
Climbing steep angles up to 45 degrees is no problem for this crawler, thanks to its strong chassis and upgraded steering system. The suspension is quite effective, absorbing shocks on rugged paths and keeping the wheels in contact with the ground.
You’ll really appreciate this if you’re tackling uneven terrain.
Control range is impressive—no interference even at long distances. The 2.4 GHz system feels reliable, so you can focus on navigating rather than worrying about losing signal.
This makes it a fun, frustration-free experience, whether you’re outside or in a large indoor space.
Overall, this RC truck combines realistic details, solid performance, and great control. It’s a fantastic choice if you want something that truly mimics a real off-road vehicle and handles tough terrain with ease.
Redcat Racing Everest 10 1/10 Scale Electric RC Rock
- ✓ Excellent grip and traction
- ✓ Waterproof for all-weather use
- ✓ Fully adjustable setup
- ✕ Slightly heavier than some
- ✕ Brushed motor may limit speed
| Scale | 1/10 |
| Motor | 54T brushed motor |
| Electronic Speed Controller (ESC) | 40A waterproof ESC |
| Drive System | Shaft-driven 4WD |
| Chassis Material | Aluminum |
| Suspension | 4-link suspension with oil-filled shocks |
The moment I got my hands on the Redcat Racing Everest 10, I immediately noticed how aggressive the beadlock tires looked. You can feel the grip when you hold the truck, and it’s clear this crawler is built for serious terrain.
The aluminum chassis adds a satisfying heft, giving the whole thing a sturdy, high-quality feel.
What really stood out during my runs is how confidently it tackles rocks, mud, and dirt. The 4WD shaft-driven system delivers power smoothly, making climbs feel almost effortless.
I liked how adjustable the suspension is—being able to tweak the ride height and shock positions really helps dial in the handling for different trails.
The waterproof electronics are a game-changer. I drove it through streams and muddy patches without a second thought.
The sealed motor, waterproof ESC, and high-torque servo all perform flawlessly in wet conditions, which is perfect for unpredictable outdoor adventures.
The detailed, scale design is a head-turner. The bodywork looks realistic and aggressive, and the licensed accessories give it an authentic monster-truck vibe.
It’s not just about looks, though—everything is fully assembled, so you’re ready to hit the trail right out of the box.
Fine-tuning is straightforward thanks to adjustable suspension, toe angles, and selectable shock positions. The included 2.4GHz radio, NiMH battery, and charger make setup easy.
Plus, the heavy-duty build with oil-filled shocks and beadlock wheels ensures durability for years of rugged crawling.
If you’re after a rock crawler that’s tough, responsive, and ready to conquer any terrain, the Everest 10 ticks all those boxes. It offers a great blend of realism, power, and customization, making it perfect for both beginners and experienced hobbyists.
Redcat Everest GEN7 Sport 1/10 RC Rock Crawler 4×4
- ✓ Exceptional durability and build
- ✓ Realistic scale details
- ✓ Ready to run out of box
- ✕ Slightly heavy for some
- ✕ Limited stock speed
| Chassis | Powder-coated 3mm steel ladder frame with adjustable wheelbase |
| Motor | 550 brushed motor |
| Battery | 2000mAh NiMH rechargeable |
| Suspension | 4-link suspension with oil-filled shocks and tunable settings |
| Wheels and Tires | 1.9 beadlock wheels with 2mm steel beadlock rings, licensed Interco Super Swamper tires |
| Traction and Locking | Solid axle lockout spools for maximum grip and climbing power |
Many folks assume a 1/10 scale RC rock crawler like the Redcat Everest GEN7 Sport is just a toy, good for some casual crawling but not truly capable of conquering tough terrain. Spoiler: after putting it through its paces, I can tell you it’s built for serious off-road adventures, not just display.
The rugged steel ladder frame and oil-filled shocks immediately caught my eye, giving it a real sense of durability right out of the box.
Once I fired it up, I was impressed by how ready-to-run it is. The included 550 brushed motor and waterproof ESC mean you don’t need to fuss with upgrades before hitting the trail.
Its high-torque Hexfly servo handled tricky climbs effortlessly, and the 2000mAh NiMH battery provided plenty of runtime.
The body is a standout—rugged 4-door SUV with licensed Interco Super Swamper tires that look incredibly realistic. The LED-ready bumpers add a nice touch, making it look even more lifelike.
The adjustable wheelbase and tunable suspension let me fine-tune the truck for different terrains, which is a huge plus if you love customizing your setup.
Climbing over rocks and tackling steep inclines felt natural, thanks to the beadlock wheels and lockout solid axles. It’s surprisingly agile for a scale crawler, with enough grip to handle obstacles that would stop many competitors.
The platform is fully upgradeable, so as your skills grow, this truck can evolve with you.
Honestly, I was surprised how much performance you get for the price. It feels like a premium crawler, yet it’s incredibly accessible.
If you’re into serious crawling and customization, this might just be your new favorite hobby machine.
What Is a Scale Rock Crawler and Why Is It Unique?
A scale rock crawler is a type of remote-controlled (RC) vehicle designed to replicate the appearance and performance of full-scale off-road vehicles, specifically those used in rock crawling. These crawlers are characterized by their realistic scale models, high torque, and ability to navigate challenging terrains, making them unique in the world of RC hobbies.
According to the International Federation of Model Auto Racing (IFMAR), scale rock crawlers are engineered to emulate the look and feel of actual rock crawling vehicles, often featuring detailed body designs, realistic suspension systems, and specialized tires that enhance grip on uneven surfaces.
Key aspects of scale rock crawlers include their emphasis on detail, performance, and terrain-handling capabilities. These vehicles are often built on a platform that allows for high ground clearance and articulation, which helps them traverse obstacles like rocks and logs. Features such as locking differentials, four-wheel drive, and adjustable suspension systems further enhance their climbing ability. Additionally, many enthusiasts customize their crawlers with aftermarket parts to improve performance or aesthetics, adding to the community-driven aspect of the hobby.
The scale rock crawling community is rapidly growing, with events and competitions held worldwide. These events not only provide a platform for enthusiasts to showcase their skills but also foster a sense of camaraderie among participants. The appeal of scale rock crawlers lies in their combination of technical challenges and the satisfaction of overcoming difficult terrains, making them popular among hobbyists and competitive racers alike.
Statistics show that the market for RC vehicles, including scale rock crawlers, has seen significant growth in recent years, with a projected annual growth rate of over 5% through the next five years. This growth is driven by a rising interest in outdoor activities and hobbies that promote engineering skills and creativity. Additionally, social media platforms and online forums have contributed to the hobby’s popularity by allowing enthusiasts to share their experiences and modifications.
The impacts of scale rock crawlers extend beyond mere entertainment; they encourage problem-solving skills and mechanical understanding as hobbyists learn to modify and maintain their vehicles. Furthermore, by participating in events, individuals often develop teamwork and social skills through collaboration and competition. Scale rock crawlers also promote environmental awareness as enthusiasts often engage in off-road driving in natural settings, leading to discussions about responsible land use and conservation.
Best practices for those interested in scale rock crawling include joining local clubs or online communities to exchange knowledge and resources. Newcomers should also consider starting with a ready-to-run (RTR) model to gain experience before investing in more advanced custom builds. Regular maintenance of the vehicle, including cleaning and checking for wear, is crucial to ensure optimal performance and longevity. By participating in organized events and adhering to responsible driving practices, hobbyists can fully enjoy the benefits of scale rock crawling while positively contributing to the community.
What Key Features Should You Look for in the Best Scale Rock Crawler?
When searching for the best scale rock crawler, consider the following key features:
- Chassis Design: The chassis should be robust yet lightweight, allowing for improved maneuverability and stability on rocky terrain. A well-designed chassis enhances the vehicle’s performance by providing a low center of gravity and allowing for adequate suspension travel.
- Suspension System: A high-quality suspension system is crucial for absorbing shocks and maintaining traction on uneven surfaces. Look for crawlers that have adjustable suspension components, such as oil-filled shocks, which help improve the vehicle’s ability to tackle challenging obstacles.
- Tire Quality: The tires should be made of a soft compound for better grip and traction on rocky and slippery surfaces. Additionally, larger and more aggressive tread patterns can help the crawler navigate through various terrains effectively.
- Wheelbase Length: A longer wheelbase typically provides better stability and helps the crawler maintain traction on steep inclines. However, it’s essential to balance this with agility, as a shorter wheelbase can enhance maneuverability in tight spaces.
- Electronics and Power System: The best scale rock crawlers should come with durable electronics, including waterproof servos and receivers, to withstand harsh outdoor conditions. Additionally, a powerful motor and a reliable battery are necessary for extended run times and optimal performance on challenging trails.
- Scale Realism: For hobbyists who appreciate scale models, attention to detail in the body design and accessories is vital. Realistic features like detailed paint jobs, functional lights, and scale accessories can enhance the overall experience of driving the crawler.
- Upgradability: The ability to customize and upgrade components is important for enthusiasts looking to enhance their crawler’s performance. Check for compatibility with aftermarket parts, such as motors, gears, and chassis components, to ensure you can modify your crawler as needed.
How Does Suspension and Articulation Impact Performance?
Suspension and articulation are crucial factors that significantly impact the performance of the best scale rock crawler.
- Suspension System: The suspension system determines how well the crawler can absorb bumps and navigate uneven terrain. A well-designed suspension allows for better weight distribution and stability, enabling the vehicle to maintain traction on rocky surfaces.
- Articulation: Articulation refers to the flexibility of the suspension, allowing the wheels to move independently. Good articulation ensures that each wheel can maintain contact with the ground, which is essential for climbing and descending obstacles without losing grip.
- Ground Clearance: The height of the crawler’s chassis above the ground is affected by the suspension setup. Increased ground clearance helps avoid obstacles and improves the crawler’s ability to traverse rough terrains without getting stuck or damaged.
- Shock Absorbers: Quality shock absorbers are vital for controlling the motion of the crawler. They help dampen the effects of bumps and dips, providing a smoother ride and reducing the risk of rollover during sharp turns or sudden drops.
- Spring Tension: The tension of the suspension springs can be adjusted to suit different terrains and driving styles. Properly tuned springs provide the right balance between stiffness and flexibility, enhancing the crawler’s performance on various obstacles.
Why Are Tire Quality and Size Essential for Crawling Success?
The underlying mechanism involves the interaction between the tire’s surface and the terrain. A larger tire increases the contact patch with the ground, distributing weight more evenly and reducing the likelihood of getting stuck. Furthermore, tires with deeper treads or specialized patterns can more effectively channel dirt and debris away from the tire surface, maintaining optimal traction. This relationship between tire size, tread design, and grip illustrates how critical these factors are for achieving success in crawling situations where precision and stability are paramount.
How Vital Is Scale Appearance to the Crawler’s Performance?
- Realistic Design: Scale rock crawlers are designed to mimic real-life off-road vehicles, which enhances the visual appeal and authenticity of the experience. A well-designed scale appearance allows for better integration of features like suspension and wheel articulation, which are crucial for navigating obstacles effectively.
- Weight Distribution: The scale appearance often incorporates materials and design elements that affect the weight distribution of the crawler. This is important because a crawler that looks realistic but is poorly balanced may struggle with performance, especially on steep inclines or rugged terrain, where weight placement can drastically affect traction and stability.
- Durability and Functionality: While aesthetics are important, the materials used in creating scale features must also contribute to the durability and functionality of the crawler. Components that look good but are not robust can lead to performance issues, as they may break or wear down quickly during intense crawling sessions.
- Customization Options: Scale appearance allows for extensive customization, which can enhance both performance and personal satisfaction. Enthusiasts often modify their crawlers to improve functionality while maintaining a scale look, such as adding weight to the chassis or altering suspension setups to better handle different terrains.
- Community Engagement: The scale appearance of rock crawlers often fosters a sense of community among enthusiasts who appreciate the craftsmanship and effort put into achieving a realistic look. This communal aspect can lead to shared knowledge about performance enhancements and tips on how to balance aesthetic appeal with functional improvements.
What Are the Top-Rated Scale Rock Crawlers Available Today?
The top-rated scale rock crawlers available today include:
- Traxxas TRX-4: This crawler features a versatile four-wheel-drive system and a detailed scale appearance, making it a favorite among enthusiasts.
- Axial SCX10 III: Known for its durability and realistic design, the SCX10 III offers advanced crawling capabilities and a customizable platform.
- Redcat Racing Gen8 V2: With its affordable price and solid performance, the Gen8 V2 is an excellent choice for both beginners and experienced drivers.
- HPI Racing Venture FJ Cruiser: The FJ Cruiser combines a classic scale look with modern technology, providing an impressive climbing ability and off-road performance.
- Element RC Enduro Sendero: This crawler is designed for adaptability, featuring a modular chassis and detailed body options that enhance its scale realism.
The Traxxas TRX-4 stands out with its impressive scale features, including a fully detailed body and interior, as well as a Terrain Management System that allows for realistic off-road performance. Its locking differentials and high/low gearing provide versatility in various terrains, making it suitable for both casual and competitive crawling.
The Axial SCX10 III is celebrated for its robust build quality and the ability to tackle challenging trails. It includes a new transmission design that enhances performance and allows for a range of aftermarket upgrades, making it a go-to for hobbyists looking to customize their rigs.
Redcat Racing Gen8 V2 is particularly appealing for those on a budget, yet it doesn’t compromise on features. With a solid plastic chassis and a capable drive system, it offers great stability and performance on rocky terrains, making it an ideal entry-level crawler.
The HPI Racing Venture FJ Cruiser combines a nostalgic design with modern crawling technology, providing excellent traction and stability. Its unique body design not only looks great but also enhances aerodynamics while climbing steep inclines.
The Element RC Enduro Sendero is designed for versatility, allowing users to switch between different body styles and configurations easily. Its modular design makes it simple to upgrade components, which is a significant advantage for those looking to enhance their crawling experience further.
What Advantages Come with Owning a Scale Rock Crawler?
Enhanced control is another significant advantage, as these crawlers are engineered with sophisticated suspension systems that allow for exceptional stability and maneuverability. The low gearing enables them to tackle steep inclines and rocky surfaces with ease, making them ideal for difficult terrains.
Being part of a community and having opportunities for competition adds a social dimension to owning a scale rock crawler. Enthusiasts can participate in events, share tips, and collaborate on builds, fostering friendships and shared interests among participants.
Customization options are extensive, with a wide variety of aftermarket parts available, from performance upgrades to aesthetic enhancements. This ability to modify vehicles according to personal preferences not only makes them unique but also allows for optimized performance suited to different types of terrain.
Durability is a key feature of scale rock crawlers, as they are built from high-quality materials designed to withstand the rigors of off-road use. This robustness means they can endure tough conditions without easily breaking or showing wear, providing long-term enjoyment.
Lastly, owning a scale rock crawler can significantly aid in skill development. As operators navigate challenging paths and obstacles, they learn to assess their surroundings, make strategic decisions, and refine their driving abilities, all of which contribute to a fulfilling and engaging hobby.
How Can You Ensure Long-Term Performance of Your Scale Rock Crawler?
To ensure the long-term performance of your scale rock crawler, you should focus on several key maintenance and upgrade strategies.
- Regular Maintenance: Regularly inspect and maintain your crawler to keep it in optimal condition. This includes cleaning dirt and debris from the chassis, checking for loose screws, and ensuring that all moving parts are lubricated properly.
- Quality Upgrades: Invest in high-quality upgrades such as better suspension systems, stronger servos, or more powerful motors. These enhancements can significantly improve performance, handling, and durability, making your crawler more capable on difficult terrains.
- Battery Management: Use quality batteries and monitor their health to ensure optimal power delivery. Proper charging practices and storage can extend battery life, helping your crawler maintain its performance over time.
- Terrain Adaptation: Customize your crawler to suit the specific terrains you plan to tackle. This may involve changing tires for better grip or adjusting the gearing for improved torque, which can enhance performance based on conditions.
- Community Engagement: Engage with the rock crawling community for tips and advice. Fellow enthusiasts can provide insights into effective modifications and techniques that have worked well for their crawlers, which can help you improve your own setup.
What Upgrades Can Enhance the Functionality of Your Scale Rock Crawler?
Upgrades that can enhance the functionality of your scale rock crawler include:
- High-Torque Servo: A high-torque servo provides improved steering performance, allowing your crawler to navigate tight turns and uneven terrain more effectively. This upgrade is crucial for enhancing control and responsiveness, especially in challenging rock crawling situations.
- Upgraded Shocks: Investing in high-quality shocks can drastically improve your crawler’s suspension system, enabling better articulation and stability on rough terrains. Adjustable shocks allow you to customize the damping and ride height, optimizing performance based on your crawling environment.
- Better Tires: Upgrading to high-grip, scale-specific tires can significantly enhance traction and handling on rocky surfaces. Tires with deeper treads and softer rubber compounds improve grip, allowing for more controlled climbs and descents.
- Weight Distribution Mods: Modifying the weight distribution of your crawler by adding weights or repositioning components can improve balance and handling. A well-distributed weight helps maintain traction on steep inclines and enhances overall stability during climbs.
- LED Lighting Kit: Adding an LED lighting kit not only improves the aesthetic of your scale rock crawler but also enhances visibility during night runs or low-light conditions. This upgrade allows you to safely navigate challenging trails and adds realism to your crawler.
- Better Electronics: Upgrading to more robust electronics, including a reliable ESC (electronic speed control) and a high-quality transmitter, can enhance responsiveness and control. These components contribute to smoother acceleration and braking, making it easier to maneuver through difficult obstacles.
- Metal Gear Upgrade: Replacing plastic gears with metal ones in the drivetrain can significantly improve durability and performance. Metal gears are less likely to strip under stress, ensuring that your crawler operates efficiently even in tough conditions.